boa constrictor adaptations in the tropical rainforest

A 1974 paper published in the "Journal of Herpetology" showed that specimens living on the island of Carriacou consumed far more lizards than their mainland counterparts did -- presumably because the lizards are more abundant on the island than rodents are. Accessed Retinal photoreceptors and visual pigments in Boa constrictor imperator. How do people get around in the Amazon rainforest? How are tropical rainforests and temperate forests different? Anacondas are semi aquatic snakes found in tropical South America, notable in the Amazon and different to pythons. Once the snake has its body wrapped around the prey, it squeezes just enough to cause a circulatory arrest by cutting off the ability of the heart to pump blood in and out. Mattison, C. 2007. The introduction of boa constrictors and other large, nonnative snakes into southern Florida has had devastating consequences on habitats that are already under immense pressure due to human development, the dispersal of nonnative speciesand climate change. Amphibia-Reptilia, 24/1: 65-74. Within populations, females are usually larger than males. at http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=18&SID=3CdeLbP2E5edFCLGO8P&page=7&doc=70. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Benjamin Cummings. They are hunted and collected for their skin, which is considered exotic in many parts of the world. How do Burmese pythons affect the economy? Taxon Information People also breed boa constrictors, often producing snakes with more vibrant colors than their wild counterparts. [4], B. constrictor flourishes in a wide variety of environmental conditions, from tropical rainforests to arid semidesert country. Tropical rainforest provide the perfect habitat for snakes to survive and flourish; these regions are warm, wet, shady, and have plenty of prey for snakes to feed on. Never release animals that have been kept as pets into the wild. Boas are nonvenomous constrictors found in tropical Central and South America. How do humans impact the Amazon rainforest? As a boa grows, and its skin is shed, its coloration may gradually change. Classification, To cite this page: How do rainforests maintain the water cycle? How do plants survive in the Amazon rainforest? [24] Boa constrictors also have two lungs, a smaller (non-functional) left and an enlarged (functional) right lung to better fit their elongated shape, unlike many colubrid snakes, which have completely lost the left lung. A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. Depending on the subspecies, Boa constrictor can be found through South America north of 35S (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina), and many other islands along the coasts of South America. What we can learn from Chernobyl's strays. Brazilian rainbow boas are a medium sized, round-bodied terrestrial boa and range from 4 to 6 feet (1.2 to 1.8 meters) in length. It is a common sight in both zoos and private reptile collections. offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) The size of the prey item increases as they get older and larger. Tree boas adapted by becoming nocturnal. Adaptations That Help the Tree Boa Survive in the Rain Forest (Bertona and Chiaraviglio, 2003; Chiaraviglio, et al., 2003; Mattison, 2007; O'Shea, 2007; Stafford, 1986), Maternal investment in young is considerable and requires the mother to be in good physical condition. (Andrade and Abe, 1998; O'Shea, 2007; Stafford, 1986), Boa constrictors are potentially long-lived, perhaps averaging around 20 years old. Once the prey is dead, the snake swallows it whole. Farmers keep the snake around their fields and storage sheds to reduce the rodent populations. Boa constrictor | Smithsonian's National Zoo However, if food is scarce, theybecome more active to seek out prey. They are nocturnal, but they may bask during the day when night-time temperatures are too low. This helps the snakes to span long distances between contact points on a tree. [22], The size and weight of a boa constrictor depends on subspecies, locale, and the availability of suitable prey. This boa constrictor was named Popeye and died in the Philadelphia Zoo, Pennsylvania, on April 15, 1977. Empower Her. They mainly feed on rodents, but may also hunt larger lizards and mammals as big as ocelots. Though still exported from their native South America in significant numbers, they are widely bred in captivity. 2001. The male fertilizes the eggs by joining with the female at the cloaca. Boa constrictors are found in the jungles and rainforests of Central and South America. Boa constrictors are ovoviviparous; embryos develop within their mothers' bodies. Another example of dietary flexibility was documented in a 2009 paper, also published in "Cuadernos de Herpetologica," that detailed an observation of a wild tree boa consuming a proboscis bat. Axolotls and capybaras are TikTok famousis that a problem? Boa constrictors live 20-30 years in the wild. The snake's adult length is typically about 10 feet (3 metres), though individuals of more than 18 feet (5.5 metres) have been reported; Central . SmithsoniansNationalZoo& ConservationBiologyInstitute Other tree boas, like the Amazon tree boa, are polymorphic; that is, they occur in multiple color phases. The number of boa constrictor subspecies is disputed, ranging from 6 to 11. In addition, they can detect both vibrations in the ground and sound vibrations through the air through their jaw bones. Unconsciousness and death likely result from shutting off vital blood flow to the heart and brain, rather than suffocation as was previously believed; constriction can interfere with blood flow and overwhelm the prey's usual blood pressure and circulation. How has the boa constrictor adapted to the rainforest? Amazon tree boas display a number of adaptations that are common to many arboreal species. Spectacular Rainforest Animal Adaptations You Simply Gotta See Boas are non-venomous. Unauthorized use is prohibited. amavali), Dominican or clouded boa constrictors (sometimes considered a full species, B.c. How do orangutans adapt to the rainforest? When this occurs, the snake's eye can be seen to cloud up as this substance comes between its eye and the old eye-covering. Another type of rainforest constrictor is the boa constrictor. How do crocodiles survive in their habitat? Many have long thin bodies with angled scales on their bellies which help the snakes to grip branches. Boa Constrictor Behaviour The Boa Constrictor has no venom unlike many other snakes, but when threatened they will hiss and strike their opponent, their bite can be very, very painful. Second, there is a dark triangle between the snout and the eye. Rainforest Snakes Facts: Lesson for Kids - Study.com The coloring of boa constrictors can vary greatly depending on the locality. This is only the third genetically confirmed case of consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female within any vertebrate lineage. Boa Constrictor Facts - ThoughtCo Female Boa constrictors are generally larger in both length and girth than males. Boa constrictors range from northern Mexico south through Central and South America. They periodically shed their skins (more frequently in juveniles than adults). The subspecies B. c. occidentalis is on Appendix 1 of CITES. However, they have also been known to actively hunt, particularly in regions with a low concentration of suitable prey, and this behavior generally occurs at night. Boa constrictors are very popular within the exotic pet trade and have been both captured in the wild and bred in captivity. ", Other common names include chij-chan (Mayan),[8] jiboia (Latin American), and macajuel (Trinidadian).[9]. We do not consider sexual differences (i.e. Boa Constrictors Give Birth to Live Babies. These strong tails help tree boas to capture, constrict and consume food while hanging upside down. (O'Shea, 2007; Stafford, 1986), Boa constrictors are solitary, associating with conspecifics only to mate. The head of the boa constrictor is long and triangular, with dark streaks from the eyes to the back of the jaw and another dark streak along the top. Copulation can last from a few minutes to several hours and may occur several times over a period of a few weeks. They live in tropical climates throughout most of Central and South America, where they hunt at night. Now more than ever, we need your support. Very large snakes should handled and fed only with more than one person present. The type locality given is "Indiis"a mistake, according to Peters and Orejas-Miranda (1970). Boa constrictor is an exclusively New World species which has the largest distribution of all neotropical boas. Instead, they have rows of long, recurved teeth of about the same size. "many forms." [43] In other areas, they are often let loose within the communities to control the rodent populations. The young are independent at birth and grow rapidly for the first few years, shedding regularly (once every 1 to 2 months). How do plants adapt to a temperate forest? The basic coloration is deep brown-and-black markingsoften in the shape of triangles, ovals, and joined ovalsagainst a pale brown-and-gray background. Boa constrictors wrap their prey in the coils of their body and squeeze until the prey asphyxiates. [27] Boa constrictors strike when they perceive a threat. They are relatively undemanding pets, as long as their large adult size and space needs are accounted for. The widespread boine fauna of the Amazon River Basin and the Guianas includes five species, namely the boa constrictor (Boa constrictor), the emerald tree boa (Corallus caninus), the common tree boa (C. enydris), the rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria) and the . 2 hours of sleep? After the reticulated python, boa constrictors are the snake most commonly killed for snakeskin products, such as shoes, bags, and other items of clothing. How do bears adapt to a temperate forest? 2003. How is the Amazon rainforest being used sustainably? The coloring of Boa constrictors can vary greatly depending on the locality. They may have smaller dark spots over the entire body. [33] Due to their polygynous nature, many of these males will be unsuccessful. Food is digested by strong stomach acids. Like most tree-dwelling snakes, tree boas have long, strongly prehensile tails that are used to grab branches. Gestation lasts for 5 to 8 months depending on local temperatures. How have monkeys adapted to their environments ? Additionally, the body of tree boas is laterally compressed, long and muscular. Boa constrictor | Description, Size, Subspecies, & Facts This is called adaptation. (O'Shea, 2007; Stafford, 1986), Boa constrictors generally breed during the dry season, usually from April to August, though the timing of the dry season varies across their range. How is the glass frog adapted to its habitat? Boa constrictors are semi-arboreal, although juveniles tend to be more arboreal than adults. [26] Like all snakes, boa constrictors in a shed cycle are more unpredictable, because the substance that lubricates between the old skin and the new makes their eyes appear milky, blue, or opaque so that the snake cannot see very well, causing it to be more defensive than it might otherwise be. PART OF WILD SKY MEDIA | FAMILY & PARENTING, Animal Diversity Web: Corallus Classification, Animal Diversity Web: Corallus Hortulanus, Cuadernos de Herpetologica: Predation by Corallus Annulatus (Boidae) on Rhynchonycteris Naso (Emballonuridae) in a Lowland Tripical Wet Forest, Costa Rica, Journal of Herpetology: Stomach and Intestine Contents of Corallus Enydris; a Comparison of Island and Mainland Specimens. Though all boids are constrictors, only this species is properly referred to as the "boa constrictor" an instance of an animal having the same English common name and scientific binomial. Found in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a Mediterranean climate. At the Smithsonian's National Zoo, theyeatmice, ratsand chicks. Boa constrictors are nocturnal or crepuscular, though they bask in the sun to warm themselves in cool weather. They generally breed in the dry season - between April and August. The boa constrictor is usually a tan, gray, or cream-colored snake with saddle-shaped patches of dark brown or reddish-brown along its body. Today, most captive boa constrictors are captive-bred, but between 1977 and 1983, 113,000 live boa constrictors were imported into the United States. imperator), Argentine boa constrictors (B.c. Simply raising awareness about this species can contribute to its overall protection. In South America it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo. At the Smithsonian's National Zoo, theyeatmice, ratsand chicks. But despite this abundance of species, our knowledge of many Amazon reptiles is still poor. All rights reserved. They do not have external ears. Some homes even bring constrictors inside to prevent or quell rodent infestations. This stone has a mysterious past beyond British coronations, Ultimate Italy: 14 ways to see the country in a new light, 6 unforgettable Italy hotels, from Lake Como to Rome, A taste of Rioja, from crispy croquettas to piquillo peppers, Trek through this stunning European wilderness, Land of the lemurs: the race to save Madagascar's sacred forests, A boa constrictor photographed at Lincoln Children's Zoo in Nebraska, Photograph by Joel Sartore, National Geographic Photo Ark. a north-to-south decrease in size) is not polymorphism. Amazon reptiles | WWF - Panda The teeth of boa constrictors are aglyphous, meaning they do not possess any elongated fangs. A species is polymorphic if its individuals can be divided into two or more easily recognized groups, based on structure, color, or other similar characteristics. having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature. Boa constrictors rarely, if ever, attack humans except in self-defense. In 2017, boa constrictors, along with Boa imperators and Burmese pythons, were found to contain a new set of sex determining chromosomes. The young spend most of their time up in trees while they grow to be heavy and large, at which point they spend more time on the ground. Their diet includes a wide variety of small to medium-sized mammals and birds. Photograph by Axel Hilger, National Geographic Your Shot, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Their tongues flick continuously, bringing odor molecules into contact with the chemosensory (vomeronasal) organ in the top of their mouths. This material is based upon work supported by the How are monkeys adapted to the rainforest? Sillman, A., J. Johnson, E. Loew. Unique Characteristics of the Boa Constrictor, Types of Snakes That Live in the Rainforest, Snakes That Look Like Rattlesnakes But Are Not. Most of these subspecies are distinguished largely by their range rather than appearance, but regional (subspecific) variation in form, size, and coloration does occur. Boa constrictors wear some of the most distinctive markings of all reptiles. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. Snakes like 'anacondas', 'turtles', 'caimans', etc., can swim well; while 'stick insects' and 'chameleons' disappear in the . Red-tailed boa, Common boa, Boa constrictor, Red-tailed boa, Common boa. (Mattison, 2007; O'Shea, 2007; Stone and Holtzman, 1996), Boa constrictors are popular in the pet trade. having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect. Boa Constrictor Snake - Facts, Diet & Habitat Information - Animal Corner Follow us on Instagram at @natgeoyourshot or visit us at natgeo.com/yourshot for the latest submissions and news about the community. The New Encylcopedia of Snakes. Diet and Nutrition. Boa Constrictor (Boa constrictor) Michelle T. Christy and Win Kirkpatrick 2017 Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development . What's New at the Smithsonians National Zoo This Summer? Significantly smaller than anacondas, boas can grow up to 13 feet long and weigh more than 100 pounds. They also move well on the ground and can be found occupying the burrows of medium-sized mammals. However, they prefer to live in rainforest due to the humidity and temperature, natural cover from predators, and a vast amount of potential prey. Although heat-sensing pits are common in Boidae, they are absent in B. constrictor. It kills by constriction, first grasping the prey and then using its coils to exert a deadly amount of pressure. at http://ns.rc.unesp.br/ib/zoologia/denis/boabnormal.PDF. [37], During the breeding season, the female boa constrictor emits pheromones from her cloaca to attract males, which may then wrestle to select one to breed with her. Boa Constrictor | Rainforest Animals A baby boa is on its own from the start. Washington, DC 20008. What Animal Hangs Upside Down From a Tree in the Rainforest? Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Corrections? Boa constrictors have an arrow-shaped head with very distinctive stripes on it: One runs dorsally from the snout to the back of the head; the others run from the snout to the eyes and then from the eyes to the jaw.[17]. The gestation period lasts around 100-120 days. [33] Reproduction in boas is almost exclusively sexual. After this, the snake may not eat for a week to several months, due to its slow metabolism. How do plants adapt in the tropical rainforest biome? Thus, this species is presumed to have no specialized thermosensory abilities. Within the exotic pet trade, it is also known as a "BCC", an abbreviation of its scientific name, to distinguish it from other boa species, such as Boa imperator or "BCI. Subspecies that are occasionally cited, but are not as widely acknowledged or are often combined with a previously listed subspecies are: Mexican boa constrictors (B.c. boa constrictor, (Boa constrictor), large thick-bodied snake of the boa family, Boidae. What Senses Do Snakes Use to Catch Their Prey? They swallow prey head-first to allow limbs and fur to fold back neatly. The term only applies when the distinct groups can be found in the same area; graded or clinal variation throughout the range of a species (e.g. 1996. Of all the boas, constrictors can livein the greatest variety of habitats ranging from sea level to moderate elevation, including deserts, wet tropical forests, open savannasand cultivated fields. On these dates, this state government group collects exotic pets that owners would like to surrenderwith no questions asked. Please be respectful of copyright. How do plants adapt to a temperate deciduous forest? Boa constrictors generally live on their own and do not interact with any other snakes unless they want to mate. They do not produce any venom. rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Their bite can be painful, especially from large snakes, but is rarely dangerous to humans. How do crocodiles adapt to their habitat? The boa first strikes at the prey, grabbing it with its teeth; it then proceeds to constrict the prey until death before consuming it whole. These are hind leg remnants found on either side of the cloacal opening. Instead, this animal relies on its tongue and its excellent vision to collect sensory information about its surroundings (like other snakes do). Boa Constrictor | National Geographic For example, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission hosts a series of events called Exotic Pet Amnesty Days. Laurel Lindemann (author), Michigan State University, James Harding (editor, instructor), Michigan State University. We thought we knew turtles. Females may also have more than one mate in a season. Minutes later, the prey is dead from asphyxiation, and the boa begins trying to find the prey animals head. [36] Males were discovered to contain a pair of XY sex determining chromosomes, while females have a XX pair. The boa constrictor is adapted to life in the rainforest through its camouflage. An adult boa will generally weigh more than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) and grow to about 13 feet (4 meters) long. These subspecies are highly variable and over the years the taxonomy has changed. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. Boa constrictors are ambush predators, so they often lie in wait for an appropriate prey to come along, then they attack a moment before the prey can escape. How do boa constrictors protect themselves? Cryptic coloration, also known as camouflage, is an important aspect of survival for tree boas. Reproductive biology, mating aggregations, and sexual dimorphism of the argentine boa contrictor (Boa constrictor occidentalis). How do amphibian and reptile hatchlings differ from each other? December 05, 2008 November 07, 2008 (O'Shea, 2007; Pough, et al., 2004), As mentioned above, the species Boa constrictor is divided into many subspecies. STDs are at a shocking high. Like most snakes, the boa constrictor flicks its tongue from side to side, which allows it to detect odors. However, they are also found in woodlands, grasslands, dry tropical forest, thorn scrub, and semi-desert. Copeia, 3: 532-533. Scientific Name: Boa constrictor Common Names: Red tailed boa, boas Order: Squamata Basic Animal Group: Reptiles Distinguishing Characteristics: Large, heavy-bodied, beige blotches on brown body Size: 8-13 feet in length Weight: 20-100 pounds Life Span: 20-40 years Diet: Carnivore Habitat: Tropical forests, grasslands Conservation Status: Least concern Fun Fact: Boas are excellent swimmers . This article is about a species of snake. Polymorphism in a local population can be an adaptation to prevent density-dependent predation, where predators preferentially prey on the most common morph. . Journal of Experimental Zoology, 290(4): 359-365. When kept in captivity, they are fed mice, rats, rabbits, chickens, and chicks depending on the size and age of the individual. Skilled constrictors, tree boas usually ambush their prey; strike quickly, knocking it off its feet; and immediately wrap several coils around the prey. However, they are generally a brown, gray, or cream base color, patterned with brown or reddish-brown "saddles" that become more pronounced towards the tail. (Chiaraviglio, et al., 2003; Mattison, 2007; O'Shea, 2007; Stafford, 1986), Boa constrictors occupy a variety of habitats. This article focuses on the species Boa constrictor as a whole, and on the nominate subspecies B. c. constrictor. Proper care should be observed in handling them, especially the larger varieties. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Like itscousin,the green anaconda, the boa constrictorhas impressive swimming abilities. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. Chiaraviglio, M., M. Bertona, M. Sironi, S. Lucino. First is a line that runs dorsally from the snout to the back of the head. Though there are few references to predation on boa constrictors in nature, they are certainly killed and consumed by numerous reptilian, avian, and mammalian predators. Arboreal Morphology Like most tree-dwelling snakes, tree boas have long, strongly prehensile tails that are used to grab . 'Monkeys' and 'sloths' are expert climbers and hence can survive in the rainforests. [27] The litter size varies between females but can be between 10 and 65 young, with an average of 25, although some of the young may be stillborn or unfertilized eggs known as "slugs". Humans and boa constrictors have a somewhat mutually beneficial relationship in many parts of tropical America, where they are valued pest controllers. Omissions? [34] The Colombian rainbow boa (Epicrates maurus) was found to reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis resulting in production of WW female progeny. How does the Amazon rainforest ecosystem work? WATCH: How Boa Constrictors Really Kill Prey, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Usually about half of the female population is reproductive each year. Young boas are especially vulnerable. Boa Constrictor - Description, Habitat, Image, Diet, and Interesting Facts Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Though tree boas lack venom, they are capable predators. The main bulk of their diet consists of small mammals, including bats, and birds. Males possess hemipenes, a double-penis, of which only one side is commonly used in mating. Their teeth are small and hooked, which allows for a strong grip when the snake strikes its prey and prevents the prey from wiggling free while the snake wraps its powerful body around the victim. Boa constrictors are also found on numerous islands off the Pacific coast and in the Caribbean. They are both terrestrial and arboreal. Four subspecies are currently recognized. Boa constrictors are powerful snakes and stealthy hunters. All rights reserved, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. How and why has deforestation occurred in the Amazon rainforest? [32] They generally breed in the dry seasonbetween April and Augustand are polygynous; thus, males may mate with multiple females. The litter size varies between females but can be between 10 and 65 young, with an average of 25. Biotic Factors of the Tropical Rainforest | Biology Dictionary How are Burmese pythons affecting the Everglades ecosystem? These saddles become more colorful and prominent towards the tail, often becoming reddish brown with either black or cream edging. . Once seasonal rains have subsided and give way to the dry season, male boa constrictors embark on the task of seeking out a mate. A staple of private collections and public displays, its color pattern is highly variable yet distinctive. Boa constrictors bear live young about 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 metre) long. Currently there are at least 9 recognized subspecies: Colombian or common boa constrictors (B. c. constrictor), St. Lucia boa constrictors (B. c. orophias), Imperial or Central American boa constrictors (B.c. They are both terrestrial and arboreal. What Type of Snake Is Black With a White Diamond Outline on Its Back? However, colours and markings frequently vary, not only among the subspecies but also among individuals in the same population. Also, about two-thirds of the world's flowering plants are in tropical rainforests. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Boa Constrictor Facts | Live Science How do humans survive in the Amazon rainforest? How do we reverse the trend? In South America the range splits along the Andes mountains. They are listed under CITES Appendix II, and the subspecies B. c. occidentalis is listed on Appendix I. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though it thrives in tropical rainforests, it also inhabits savannas, cane fields, and semiarid scrublands. December 05, 2008 Their bite can be painful, especially from large snakes, but is rarely dangerous to humans. Depending on the habitat they are trying to blend into, their bodies can be tan, green, red, or yellow, and display cryptic patterns of jagged lines, ovals, diamonds, and circles. The snake's scientific name is the same as its common name, Boa constrictor. The average litter has 25 young but can be anywhere from 10 to 64 young. body parts are source of valuable material, Red-tailed Boas and Relatives: Reptile Keeper's Guide, http://ns.rc.unesp.br/ib/zoologia/denis/boabnormal.PDF, http://www.bioone.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/perlserv/?request=get-document&issn=0022-1511&volume=37&page=510, http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy1.ats.msu.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=1FBABe92cheDGF3aPf6&page=1&doc=2, http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy1.ats.msu.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=9&SID=1FBABe92cheDGF3aPf6&page=1&doc=1, http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=18&SID=3CdeLbP2E5edFCLGO8P&page=7&doc=70, http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy1.ats.msu.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=11&SID=1FBABe92cheDGF3aPf6&page=1&doc=1, 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan.

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