sonar caste in maharashtra

List of Castes & Tribes in Maharashtra Social /Maharashtra- List of Castes & Tribes Forums- FC , OBC , SBC, SC , ST , VJNT . It is rare to find a Christian Goan Shet, while all the other castes find some representation in the convert society;[37] this is because the economic power the es wielded in the sixteenth century enabled them to live and work in Goa on their own terms or emigrate with their religion intact. [50] The Joshis denied their Brahmin claim, allegedly argued that they are not even entitled to Upabrhmaa status which are mentioned in the aivgama. Today they arrange them with the Daivajas of Karnataka and Maharashtra. As per 2011 census muslims were 11.5% in Maharashtra and now in 2020-2021 they are above 12%. Our purpose is to build a better Bharat through happy marriages. [9], Along with educationally advanced communities in the 1850s the CKPS, Pathare Prabhus, Saraswats, Parsis;Daivadnyas were one of the communities in the Bombay Presidency that allowed female education. [45][full citation needed][46][47], Documents mention a Gramanya[j] that lasted from 1822 to 1825, between the Daivadnyas and the Brahmins of Pune or the Puna Joshis.This dispute started because the Puna Joshis were against Daivadnyas employing their own priests and not employing the Vyavahare Joshis for their religious functions. [106] The custom of dowry in its strict form does not exist any more, but Slakta Kanydna with Varadaki is followed as a custom. These are made of cotton and sometimes silk on special occasions and wore Judi or Sadro to cover upper part of their bodies, and a piece of cloth called Upare over the shoulders. After Dr B.R. General Category cast List In Maharashtra. The Nmakaraa or the Brso, a naming ceremony, is performed on the 12th day. Joshua Project occasionally adjusts profile text from third party sources. [citation needed], Historians say that the period of migration of Daivajas and the Kudldeskrs, from the northern part of India is same, and they settled in Goa in the same period, for this reason members of both the communities speak the same dialect of Koka in Goa. for many years don't have records from Maharashtra. K. Tandel 156. Pray for grace and truth expanding into the entire Sonar society as all believers learn to love others. [127] From the old documents it can be also seen that few of them were involved in politics,[128] and were employed by the kings for their service. [117], Even though they do not have a tradition of folk songs, they have played a significant role in field of Hindustani classical music, drama, arts and literature. But sometimes they are one and sometimes not. This includes castes like Lohars (ironsmith), Kumbhar (potter), Malis (Gardeners), Nawhi (barbers), Sonar (Goldsmith), Telis (oil pressers), Chambers (blacksmiths), Sutars (carpenters), etc. Pune [26][27][28] Daivadnyas (during the conflicts that arose in the 19th century) refuted this claim, which called them Rathakaras of impure descent, on the basis of Shastra, and they were supported by Shringeri Shankaracharya, and Brahmin councils of Kashi and Paithan. Matchmaking is very easy on our matrimonials. [10] After the child is born, ten days of birth pollution or Suyer is observed, by keeping an oil lamp lit for ten days. They urged the Peshwas, and later, the British to impose legal sanctions, such as heavy fines to implement non-observance of Vedokta Karmas, though the later had been always observing the Vedic rites. For instance, the Kaka Kelkar Commission report of 1955 said there were almost 2,400 OBC castes while Mandal Commission report of 1979 said there were 3,743 OBC castes across India. Sonar. The Sonars or Sonagras of South Canara are described by Mr. H. A. Stuart *[1] as a goldsmith caste, who "speak Konkani, which is a dialect of Marthi, and are believed to have come from Goa. [117], The traditional occupation of Daivaja people is the jewellery trade. So you can access Sonar profiles on the go and make the right choice on the basis of careful consideration. They are referred as Gavli in southern Maharashtra, Goa and northern Karnataka, Golla in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka [1] [2] and Ahir in northern Maharashtra ( Khandesh region ). Sondi. Before making travel plans based on data presented here, please confirm with other sources to the extent possible. If taken as one this is the largest caste. They eat fish, but not flesh. There are Sonar communities in most South Asian countries, including Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, though they are concentrated in India. The *marked in SEBC category reservations here implies that the Maratha community seeks a 12% reservation quota under education and 13% under jobs under the SEBC Act, 2018 of the Indian Constitution. 10. Like dravidian people, they refer to their father's sister as mother-in-law or atte, and their mother's brother as father-in-law mama, and one's husband's mother is generally referred to as mother-maay. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). (page 91-93)460 pages, "Goa: Hindu Temples and Deities", pp. In case of girls(who were always married before attaining puberty some 75100 years ago), a ceremony associated with a girl's first menstruation was observed in olden days. Child marriage is absent though girls were married off before attaining puberty, this custom was prevalent till the 19th century. Another similar ritual, Dntolyo is also performed by the maternal uncle when the baby gets new teeth, on the first birthday of the child. [8] They are popularly known in Goa as Shets. [40][41], The trade in Goa was mainly in the hands of three communities classes, being the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins, the Vanis and the Sets. [16] The very few who converted were assigned the caste of Bamonn among the Goan Catholics. [102], Daivadnya people are not so orthodox but they strictly adhere to all the oaa Saskra or the 16 sacraments, and other Brahminical rituals according to the Rig Veda. Other Ishta-devata of Daivadnyas include Rama, Dattatreya[9] Hanuman,[9] Vithoba of Pandharpur, Hayagriva of Udupi, Mahalakshmi, Krishna, Gayatri, Durg Paramevar, Lakshmi-narayan, Majuntha of Dharmasthala and Gokara Mahbalevara. During registering a bride or groom profile, enter caste as "Sonar" in the first step of registration. Historically, Maharashtra is a Hindu dominated state followed by Muslims; their populations being more than 7,78,59,000 and 1,02,70,000, respectively. [110] There was no custom of widow remarriage in the past[111] neither is it very common nowadays[112] nor was there any custom of divorce. Vaddera is an Indian ethnic community native to Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Western Orissa and other states in India . The total Maratha caste population in Maharashtra is 43% including the Kunbi Maratha category. Virpa e of Coae,[121]ditya e of ivpura or irod[122] Vihhala e, Dama e, who was appointed as an administrator of the Bhatkaa port by the Portuguese,[123] and others. Some are money lenders. We welcome. Etymology [ edit] Sonar is a Hindu community predominantly found in Maharashtra. Omissions? The hatred was so severe until the 19th century that only fear of the police kept the peace. From 1352 to 1366 AD Goa was ruled by Khilj.In 1472, the Bahman Muslims attacked, demolished many temples, and forced the Hindus to convert to Islam. This will take care of showing you matches only from the Ahir Sonar community. For other community brides and grooms like Kunbi and Mali, visit Profiles section. Thoria 160. They demand this as the Marathas, even though forming up to 32% of Maharashtras population, the majority of them (almost 75% of the community) are economically backward, rural-based. The current share of these categories in Maharashtra is General (78.8%), SC (11.8%), and ST (9.4%). European documents mentions them as "Chatim" or "Xette", which is corruption of Konkani Shett, or Shetty. This website is strictly for matrimonial purpose only and not a dating website. They can be contacted via phone, instant chat, email, SMS or even formal complaint logging system Matchfinder has online. Shriram. Community based matrimonial websites are popular in caste prevalent India. Those officials at the same post for many years will be transferred, we will see how this can be done.Officials tell us a caste scrutiny committee should only be led by an additional divisional commissioner, but this is not the format anywhere else in the country, in other states.We will think about all the issues.I have seen four cases; even after the HC told them to issue case verification certificates, they didn't issue it.We will set up a high-level committee and based on their recommendations, a new policy will be rolled out," said Fadnavis. Sign-up now on Sonar community matrimony and get close to your life partner! Right now, we only have a few committees since we need senior officers to head them they have a monopoly, so if we increase the number of committees, it will help. There are no mentions of the es practising this occupation in the early history, although they used to make gold and silver images for the temples, which old texts suggest they have inherited this art from the Bhojaks[29] who made idols of the Sun god, hence were also called as Murtikras. [52][53] The British also issued orders to the Daivadnyas by which the Vedas not be applied for an improper purpose, the purity of the Brahmin caste be preserved[54] and did not impose any restrictions on the Daivadnyas. Konkanastha who lived towards Konkan (Western coastal Maharashtra region). Daivadnyas speak Kokai and its dialects. Ahir Sonar marriage bureaus are physical offices or consultancies run by marriage brokers who act as mediators between the bride and groom families. [citation needed], The Keralite Shets have a temple dedicated to Gopalakrishna, which is perhaps the oldest temple in Fort Cochin.[88]. They can either express interests or view the contact details of a potential match by making payment online. Maharashtra, a state in Western India, is home to more than 9% of Indias population. [33], In 1510 the Portuguese invaded Goa. This surname can also be seen as a suffix in many other Marathi surnames. The Saskras begin to be observed right from the day of conception, but the prenatal sacraments like Garbhadhna, Pusavana, are usually performed as a part of the wedding ceremony nowadays, unlike some 30 years ago these sacraments were held separately after the wedding ceremony at the right time. They are priests to the Pardeshis. Detailed information is provided about each Sonar match including family antecedents, socio-economic background, food preferences and educational cum professional qualifications. The actual wedding ceremony is performed as per gveda. Sonar matrimony is a matchmaking website for Sonar caste people. It means the 'head of the state' or 'head of the region.'. For reprint rights: Times Syndication Service, MUMBAI: Announcing that the state government was going to launch a new policy to bring transparency in issuing caste verification certificates, Deputy CM. , India, Intermediate / Higher Secondary(11th or 12th), Meerut . , India, Sitapur . PSCNOTES.in is a free resource site for UPSC and PSC aspirants, founded by Sheshan Pradhan. service, please let us know. Maharashtra, a state in Western India, is home to more than 9% of India's population. It likely referred to someone who was the head of the district or the chieftain for a region. ;Paija, Salle, Msol, Vle[116]). , India, Mumbai The number of backward classes listed in Maharashtra is 346. Rising Above Caste, Patriarchy And Religion: Maharashtra's 800-Year-Old Pandharpur Wari. Deleted 157. Percentage distribution of Population of Maharashtra, Current classification of Castes in Maharashtra, Other Backward Classes (OBCs) of Maharashtra, Reservation Quota in Maharashtra for Jobs and Education, Parliamentary Sovereignty in India & its Origin, Carbon Trading in India, Advantages and Limitations, India-Pakistan Water Conflict, History & Current Situation. Fundamental changes in the caste system of Maharashtra are bound to take place. Tambat,Twashta Kasar, Kasar 161. Since days of yore their business has been flourishing on the banks of river Mandovi, historical records mention them as prosperous and wealthy traders and business class. HWMo6W7G*Nhh{^Alq4|=>- >ui$`r)I2@&-?7J|nYniE->]^v_ Sr)[ "#WP|pDi. and father's sisters children are considered as cousins and potential mates. - Evangelicals have a significant presence. Unlike the Oriyas, and like other Telugu classes, they invariably have a house-name, and their mother tongue is Telugu, They are Saivites, bury their dead, claim to be descendants of Viswakarma, and call themselves Viswa Brhmans. Historically, Sunars were among 12 main occupational servicing castes of rural India in Bara Balutedari system of Maharashtra and Jajmani System of India. ", Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Sonar. People use these clan names as surname and Marriage between persons belonging to the same clan is prohibited. [90], Their dead are cremated according to the vedic rights, and various hrddhas and other Kriys, Tarpaas are performed by the son or any other paternal relative, or in some cases by the son-in-law of the deceased. At the end of 2015, the Maharashtra government asked the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) to establish whether Dhangars met the criteria to be identified as ST. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A displayed zero can mean true zero, a very small rounded number or sometimes unknown. VVH3842 : Sonar (Marathi) from Wardha (1 picture) Age 44 Years; Height 5ft 3in - 160cm; Marital Status Never Married; Posted by Sibling; Religion Hindu Caste Sonar Community Marathi; Complexion Fair; Body Type Average; Profession Looking for a Job; Education Masters in Science . This is the cause as well as the outcome of the increased population diversity in the state since time unknown. Keep your photo handy before you start registration. Total Number. castes. Just like the traditional caste system everywhere in India, Maharashtra has had its pecking order. There is a proverb, uncomplimentary to the goldsmiths, to the effect that a goldsmith cannot make an ornament even for his wife, without first secreting some of the gold or silver given him for working upon. [49] The opponent Brahmins were against the Daivadnyas administering Vedokta Karmas or Vedic rituals, studying and teaching Vedas, wearing dhoti, folding hands in Namaskar. Dhangar is a herding caste of people found in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. [66] Women are not allowed in the crematorium. Daivadnyas in Maharashtra, i.e. [2] They are native to the Konkan and are mainly found in the states of Goa and Damaon, Canara (coastal Karnataka), coastal Maharashtra, and Kerala. , Uttar Pradesh The population distribution of castes among Hindus of Maharashtra during British rule was as follows. [31][32] Several families from western India had settled down in Kashi since the late 13th century. For Uva, Annaprasana or the first feeding ceremony child's maternal uncle feeds the baby with cooked soft rice mixed with milk and sugar. On July 23, the eleventh day of the waxing moon period in the month of Ashadh, the spiritual procession of Varkari commences in the holy village of Pandharpur on the bank of river Chandrabhaga. Deshpande. [66] The body is generally carried to the cremation ground by the son of the deceased and his/her close relatives. Until the early 19th century, Goan es were divided into three sub-divisions based on their geographical location, but these divisions no longer exist: These sub-divisions never intermarried nor did they accept food from their counterparts. [60] A small number have Portuguese[62] or Kenyan citizenship,[63] and a few live in Karachi, Lahore[64] Pakistan, but most of them have settled as refugees in Ulhasnagar after partition. Maharashtra is home to almost 78% of total Buddhists in India. Once the registration is complete, users can search for Ahir Sonar brides or grooms from the "Find Matches" menu. [citation needed] According to the gazetteer of Goa state they are called Catholic es,[38] but no such distinction is found amongst Goan Catholics. Values for %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical (which determine unreached status) are often informed estimates, some more accurate than others. Registration required Rate this Comment Related Links Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd. code caste 1 addi dirvisa 2 akamow door 3 ambacam 4 ambalam 5 ambalm 6 asari 7 asari 8 asooy 9 asrai 10 b.c. 2. Native Marathi Brahmins are broadly classified as: Other castes in Maharashtra were classified by the farming occupations carried out by them. They consider it derogatory to work in metals other than gold and silver. Many of them are priests who offer religious services to the community,very few of them are astrologers and temple priests. Mahar, caste-cluster, or group of many endogamous castes, living chiefly in Maharashtra state, India, and in adjoining states. [3], Daivadnyas are a subgroup of Sonars (Gold Smiths) and hence they are called as Daivadnya Sonars or Suvarakara[a] or simply Sonar[b]. [14] The guild or members of the guilds of traders, merchants, and their employees who were mainly artisans, craftsmen, and husband-men in ancient Goa like elsewhere in ancient India, were called Shreni, and the head of the guilds were called Shrestha or Shresthi, which meant His Excellency. It is one of the most important temples in the northern part of Goa. Ishta-devata is a term denoting a worshipper's favourite deity. This is done to avoid confusion regarding the current reality of a people group, to fix grammar and spelling and to avoid potentially offensive wording. [42], Conflict between Daivadnyas and Vaishyas, in 1348 in Khaepar or Khaegrama, is mentioned in Khaepar copperplate.This issue was solved in Gaantha temple in Khepr, its antecedents are not known. The deputy CM pointed out people other states living in Maharashtra for many years don't have records from Maharashtra. [66]Smntapuj, Kanydna, Kakaa-bandhana, Magalasutra-bandhana, Saptapadi, Ljahoma, Amrohaa, Vyanadna form the actual parts of the wedding ceremony. These communities are usually called as Chitpavans. Daivadnyas maintain several temples in Goa, and about 38 temples in North Canara district of Kanarataka,[72] and many temples in other parts of Karantaka, Maharashtra and few in the state of Kerala. of Maharashtra.The department will provide service within 18 days. 6) Affidavit Caste Certificate for ST Caste (Form-A-1) 7) Extract of birth register of the applicant/father/or relatives. Matchfinder.in, Shaadi.com and Bharat Matrimony are some popular websites. Check how to apply for Caste OBC certificate provided by the revenue department,Govt. Pray that churches and believers will bless their entire people group in such a way that God's love will change the Sonar people like yeast changes dough. P iroakara, H. K. Mandal, Anthropological Survey of India, p. 64, "Central List of OBCs - State: Karnataka", "DNA Mumbai Anniversary special: A look at legacy of city's father Jugonnath Sunkersett", Villages and Agraharas in Goa and their ancient names, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daivadnya&oldid=1139922758, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from April 2018, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, Articles needing additional references from December 2016, All articles needing additional references, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2022, Articles with incomplete citations from October 2017, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2018, Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015, Articles containing Marathi-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The Mahar were unified by the eminent 20th-century leader Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, who urged them to militant political consciousness and to great educational improvement. They were well versed in ilpastra and in Sanskrit hence received royal patronage. Their title is Setti." Caste Category. [13] It is pronounced [daivana] in Karnataka and [divaa] in Goa and Maharashtra. OBC status given based on profession and not caste / religion. "Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti", Part-1, p. 221 by B. D. Satoskar, published by Shubhada Publication. Another conflict in the 17th century, between Shenvi Brahmins and Shets of Goa, these over social status was evidenced in arguments about use of traditional emblems like Suryapan, parasol etc. Firstly, surnames in Maharashtra depend on a lot of things like the town from which your family hails, the occupation your fore fathers used to do, the status your family had in the society etc. Users are also eligible to view contact details of one profile. Sonar.. [119], They were renowned for their skills even in the western world and were the first to introduce exquisite jewellery designs to Europe,[citation needed] and were extensively involved in gold, silver, perfumes, black pepper export[citation needed] and even silk, cotton textiles, tobacco[120] and import of horses during Portuguese and pre-Portuguese era. Deshastha, who originally speak Marathi. Rjave samagra shitya, V. K. Rajwade Children recited Shlokas, Shubhankaroti, Parvacha, as the womenfolk lit the lamp in front of the deity, tulasi and ancestors. Pray for families of Sonar believers loving and serving others to grow reproducing churches. - Few evangelicals, but many who identify as Christians. Nomadic tribes (NT) are counted as OBCs here. An extinct script called as Goykanadi[i] was used by the traders in the early 16th century. "Genetics of Castes and Tribes of India:Indian Population Milieu" by M. K. Bhasin, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India, This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 14:57. It also includes the traditional village servant communities popularly known as Bara Balutedarsthe twelve occupational communities any village needed. Most of them are Vaishnavites, but a few follow Siva. [105], The most important sacrament for them is Vivha, Lagna or the wedding. Even after Independence, Mumbai, its nearby suburban cities continued to progress. Registered users can view profile details, search by name, id and avail many other services. Fadnavis said they will also explore whether rules to give caste-related documents for 50 years can be relaxed. ], A few Daivadnya families who converted to Catholicism migrated to Mangalore due to attacks by the Marathas in Goa during the late 17th and early 18th century. Different schools of Shaivism have existed in Goa and Konkan since ancient times. Women wore gold ornaments on different parts of their bodies (e.g. [39][unreliable source? [34] About 12,000 families from the Ssa region of Goa (from Raia, Cuncolim, Loutolim, Vera and other places), mostly of the eavs and the Shets, including Vaishya Vani, Kudumbi, and others, departed by ship to the southern ports of Honnvara to Kozhikode. [89] Gomantaka Daivadnyas speak a dialect of Kokai known as Goan Kokai which the Ethnologue recognises as the Gomntak dialect, further divided into sub-dialects such as the Brdesc Bhs or north Goan, Prama or standard Koka and Sic Bhs or south Goan. Find your perfect Sonar Brides, Girls for Marriage on Bharatmatrimony - The Most Trusted Brand and No 1.Matrimonial Website.Register Free! [57][full citation needed], Many families like the Murkues, the Paakars, the Ses of Karvara and Bhakala kept their tradition alive and excelled in trade, playing a major role in socio-cultural development of the major metropolis of India such as Bombay. 10. Many of these new castes played a major role CKP Surnames. [69] Ganesha is ishta-devata of all the es. , India, Bhagalpur Urdu Sonar Matrimony - Find Lakhs of Brides and Grooms trusted database of Urdu Speaking Sonar at Matrimonials India,search Muslim Sonar Boys & Girls Matrimony . [84] Daivajas from Kokaa later migrated elsewhere in Maharashtra,[85][pageneeded] and hence they were also known as Kokae or Konkane Devajnas as mentioned in old documents. Ghgro and a five yards saree was worn by unmarried girls. Can you please provide me the evidence from which you have taken above days? Their religious and cultural beliefs were constantly influenced by other religions such as Jainism, Buddhism and later the Nath sect when the ruling dynasties patronised them. BharatMatrimony has been recognised as the most trusted online matrimony service by the Brand Trust Report. VVH3842 - Hindu Marathi, Sonar Bride/ Girl from Maharashtra, Wardha. Essential Government Services during Pandemic. The Sonars are Hindus who worship whichever god they believe will bring them good luck and prosperity. Matchfinder also is accessible via tablets, notebooks, laptops, PCs and mobiles. Religious and ethnic diversity in Maharashtra dates back to the British colonization since the early 17th century. Take cues from these TV actresses for traditional outfits for Holi, Celebs who found love again after divorce, Indians who have made it to the Oscar's Stage, 8 healthy meals you can pack in your kids tiffin, Diseases your blood group makes you prone to, Before Ushna Shah, this Pakistani bride wore a red lehenga for her wedding, 19 signs that you are afraid of being alone, Live: PM addresses post-budget webinar on Green Growth, Oscars to have Crisis Team after Will Smith slapgate, Adani's older brother plays key role at embattled dynasty, Terms of Use and Grievance Redressal Policy. A detailed study of Comunidades[h] shows that baptised es were categorised as Bamonns. [29][30] According to Vihhala Mitragotr, the migration to Goa dates back to the early 4th to 6th century CE, with the Bhoja dynasty. The numbers stated are according to Census 2011 and might have increased to date due to increased immigration. Community based matrimonial websites are popular in caste prevalent India. Publisher Mittal Publications,1986 Ghon, Pl, Todo, Bjunband, Galesar, Valesar, Kud[116]), and wore silver ornaments to decorate their feet (e.g. [citation needed][needsindependentconfirmation], Author Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri says, The Bhojas are well-known sculptures and have migrated to various regions of India. Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd. Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology. Rice with fish curry is their main food. [121] Texts maintain names of many wealthy traders e.g. They mostly speak Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra. The surname Pal (or Paul) is found in Bengal among Bengali Kayasthas. Traditionally they are goldsmiths, but with the availability of better educational facilities the Sonar have become inclined toward education. Fully Online Da. The main festivals celebrated in this temple are iirotsava, Navrtr, Rathasaptam, valbhojana and Vasantapuj.[20][70][71]. / Caste Serial No. ", The South Indian goldsmith at work has been well described as follows. [94] Portuguese language is known by many members of older generation of Goans who had done their formal education during the Portuguese rule. These surnames are often associated with certain regions or castes in Maharashtra. Doing this correctly will help the government to formulate better policies for the advancement of all religions, castes equally. She is a blogger and a proud nature lover, looking to find fun-filled solutions out of problems. Other Backward Classes (castes other than Kunbis) formed 27%, Dalits; mainly the Mahar community were 8% of the total population, The upper castes (Brahmins, Prabhus, etc.)

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