The anion formed when a carboxylic acid dissociates is called the carboxylate anion (RCOO). Which compound has the higher boiling pointCH3CH2CH2CH2OH or CH3COOCH3? Take test tube to chemical station and record observations of the acid and alcohol that you are going to use. In this work, we use the first method since not only uses CO as a raw material but it is also the most extended technology for formic acid synthesis worldwide (Hietala et al., 2000 ). The LCC contains four carbon atoms; the compound is therefore named as a substituted butyric (or butanoic) acid. Name each compound with both the common name and the IUPAC name. Just as carboxylic acids do, inorganic acids such as nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) also form esters. Again, there will be other enthalpy changes involved apart from the simple formation of water from hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. JoVE publishes peer-reviewed scientific video protocols to accelerate biological, medical, chemical and physical research. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. To write the ionic equation we must separate all aqueous species into their ions and leave any solid, liquid or gaseous substance in its molecular form. Net Ionic Equations (HCOOH-formic acid and KOH-potassium hydroxide) Chemistry Center 239 subscribers Subscribe 11 2.7K views 2 years ago This is an introductory or general chemistry exercises in. The next higher homolog is acetic acid, which is made by fermenting cider and honey in the presence of oxygen. status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Write the equation for the hydrolysis of ethyl propanoate in a sodium hydroxide solution. The neutralization of a weak base, B (A-), with H3O+can also be assumed to go 100%. Write the equation for the neutralization of CH3CH2CH2COOH with sodium hydroxide [NaOH(aq)]. As we shall see in Chapter 7 "Lipids", these acidscalled fatty acidsare synthesized in nature by adding two carbon atoms at a time. Write an equation for the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate. Enthalpy changes of neutralization are always negative - heat is released when an acid and and alkali react. b. Place a few boiling chips into the . (For more information about phospholipids and nucleic acids, see Chapter 7 "Lipids", Section 7.3 "Membranes and Membrane Lipids", and Chapter 10 "Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis", respectively.). Question: The neutralization of formic acid by NaOH produces O sodium formaldehyde O formate ion and hydronium ion Osodium formate as the only product sodium formate and water Question 2 (1 point) Saved The reactants that will form an ester in the presence of an acid catalyst are two carboxylic acids O a carboxylic acid and an alcohol an aldehyde . Hexanoic acid [CH3(CH2)4COOH] is barely soluble in water (about 1.0 g/100 g of water). Formic Acid Formula H2CO2 is the most basic of the carboxylic acids, and it's used to make textiles and leather. Solubility decreases with molar mass. The other ions present (sodium and chloride, for example) are just spectator ions, taking no part in the reaction. 3. Write a net ionic equation for the reaction of formic acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide. 3. Carbonates react with acids according to the equation: However, the rate of the reaction will be determined by a number of factors. High boiling esters are used as softeners (plasticizers) for brittle plastics. The amide functional group has a carbonyl group joined to a nitrogen atom from ammonia or an amine. In a saponification reaction, the base is a reactant, not simply a catalyst. Name esters according to the IUPAC system. Explain. CH3CH2COOH(aq) + H2O() CH3CH2COO(aq) + H3O+(aq), a. CH3CH2CH2COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3CH2CH2COONa+(aq) + H2O(), b. CH3(CH2)2COOH + NaHCO3(aq) CH3(CH2)COONa+(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g), b. ammonium butanoate or ammonium butyrate. DO NOT INHALE THE CHEMICALS DIRECTLY 7. Using our assumption that H. So our first step is to. This is what is meant by "thinking like a chemist". Why do strong acids reacting with strong alkalis give closely similar values? The esters shown here are ethyl acetate (a) and methyl butyrate (b). Which compound has the higher boiling pointCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH or CH3CH2CH2COOH? The ester is heated with a large excess of water containing a strong-acid catalyst. By recognizing extremely small amounts of this and other chemicals, bloodhounds are able to track fugitives. Formic and organic acids are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and are the most abundant organic acids present in urban areas. Explain. Chemical reactions occurring in aqueous solution are more accurately represented with a net ionic equation. (For more information about soaps, see Chapter 7 "Lipids", Section 7.2 "Fats and Oils".) Give the structures of the aldehyde and the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of 1,4-butanediol (HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH). When equal amounts of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid are mixed with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the result is a neutral solution. Cellulose nitrate is dissolved in ethyl acetate and butyl acetate to form lacquers. The present study elucidates the hydrolysis of cellulose and formation of glucose decomposition products catalyzed by 5% to 20% (w/w) formic acid at 180 to 220 C with an initial cellulose concentration of 10 to 100 g/L. As you add base, the pH gradually increases until you near the neutralization point.. Then the pH rises steeply, passing through neutrality at pH . JoVE is the world-leading producer and provider of science videos with the mission to improve scientific research, scientific journals, and education. Some of the major chemical reactions of formic acid are listed below. HBr, HCl, HCIO4, KBr, and NaCl are all classified as. With all neutralization problems, it is important to think about the problems systematically. Reducing Properties: It is a good reducing agent due to the presence of an aldehydic group in it. Rent/Buy; Read; Return; Sell; . Thus, the reaction is: OH (aq) + HCHO (aq) CHO (aq) + HO (l) As we noted in Chapter 3 "Aldehydes, Ketones", the oxidation of aldehydes or primary alcohols forms carboxylic acids: In the presence of an oxidizing agent, ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde, which is then oxidized to acetic acid. The part derived from the acid (that is, the benzene ring and the carbonyl group, in red) is benzoate. 1. Once a flower or fruit has been chemically analyzed, flavor chemists can attempt to duplicate the natural odor or taste. CH3CH2CH2COOH because of hydrogen bonding (There is no intermolecular hydrogen bonding with CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH3. A knitted polyester tube, which is biologically inert, can be used in surgery to repair or replace diseased sections of blood vessels. A: Answer: The given molecular equation is: 2K2CrO4 +2HCl ---> K2Cr2O72- + H2O+ 2KCl. Next use the limiting reagent to determine what reactants (if any) will remain in solution. When there is an addition of base in a buffer, the acid will react with the base to produce water and conjugate base. The base and the salt are fully dissociated. This page titled 21.16: Neutralization Reaction and Net Ionic Equations for Neutralization Reactions is shared under a CK-12 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by CK-12 Foundation via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Soaps are salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Propionic acid ionizes in water to form a propionate ion and a hydronium (H3O+) ion. This chemical equation is now balanced. The ester, which is organic compound derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in which the OH of the acid is replaced by an OR group, looks somewhat like an ether and also somewhat like a carboxylic acid. 4. Find its strength. The molecular and net ionic equations for the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia are shown below. Prehistoric people likely made acetic acid when their fermentation reactions went awry and produced vinegar instead of wine. Phosphate esters are also important structural constituents of phospholipids and nucleic acids. \( \Rightarrow \) Silver Mirror . They are components of many foods, medicines, and household products. When an acid reacts with a base, it produces conjugate base. The sodium sulfate salt is soluble, and so the net ionic reaction is again the same. { Assorted_Definitions : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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Notice that the boiling points increase with increasing molar mass, but the melting points show no regular pattern. This reaction forms the salt sodium formate, Na(HCOO). The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the strength of the acid or base involved in it. In fact, the general reaction between an acid and a base is acid + base water + salt So in this case H 2 SO 4 (aq) and Ba (OH) 2 (aq) must be . A We begin by calculating the millimoles of formic acid and formate present in 100 mL of the initial pH 3.95 buffer: The millimoles of \(H^+\) in 5.00 mL of 1.00 M HCl is as follows: IUPAC names are derived from the LCC of the parent hydrocarbon with the -. The remaining solution will either be a strong acid, weak acid, buffer, weak base, or strong base solution. pH can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Na(HCOO), sodium formate. Describe the preparation of carboxylic acids. How do acidic hydrolysis and basic hydrolysis of an ester differ in terms of, a. acidic hydrolysis: carboxylic acid + alcohol; basic hydrolysis: carboxylate salt + alcohol, b. basic hydrolysis: completion; acidic hydrolysis: incomplete reaction. Simple carboxylic acids are best known by common names based on Latin and Greek words that describe their source (e.g., formic acid, Latin. For reactions involving strong acids and alkalis, the values are always very closely similar, with values between -57 and -58 kJ mol-1. An example of that would be the reaction between the acid the aqueous state HCl and the base or alkali component that is solid like Fe(OH) 3. Identify all the compounds (acids, bases, strong, weak, spectator ions, ). Although acids and bases have their own unique chemistries, the acid and base cancel each other's chemistry to produce a rather innocuous substancewater. This is the reaction we can assume will go 100% until either all of the HA is reacted or all of the OH-is reacted. It reacts with NaOH to form a salt and water (H2O). You will have both the protonated and deprotonated form of a conjugate pair. Which salt is formed when acetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide? We make the assumption that strong acids and strong alkalis are fully ionized in solution, and that the ions behave independently of each other. Which concentrations are Describe how carboxylic acids react with basic compounds. A buffer solution is prepared by dissolving 0.200 mol of NaH2PO4 and 0.100 mol of NaOH in enough water to make 1.00 L of solution. \[\rm{HA(aq) + OH^-(aq) \rightleftharpoons A^-(aq) + H_2O(l)}\], \[\rm{BH^+(aq) + OH^-(aq) \rightleftharpoons B(aq) + H_2O(l)}\]. Limestone is calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Write the equation for the reaction of CH3COOH with sodium carbonate [Na2CO3(aq)]. The resulting solution is not neutral (pH \(= 7\)), but instead is slightly basic. A: This reaction is electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction because generated electrophile attack. The formate ion, HCOO- is H A + O . In the nomenclature system of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the parent hydrocarbon is the one that corresponds to the longest continuous chain (LCC) containing the carboxyl group. Would you expect butyric acid (butanoic acid) to be more or less soluble than 1-butanol in water? A neutralization reaction is the reaction of an acid and base. The H of HOH joins to the oxygen atom in the OR part of the original ester, and the OH of HOH joins to the carbonyl carbon atom: The products are butyric acid (butanoic acid) and ethanol. The aqueous sodium chloride that is produced in the reaction is called a salt. As such, when mixing two solutions together, you need to first look at any neutralization reaction to figure out what will (for the most part) remain in solution. Reactions can also involve a weak base and strong acid, resulting in a solution that is slightly acidic. How are the functional groups in Exercise 2 alike and different? \[\ce{HNO_2} \left( aq \right) + \ce{KOH} \left( aq \right) \rightarrow \ce{KNO_2} \left( aq \right) + \ce{H_2O} \left( l \right)\nonumber \]. An ester is derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. CH3COOH because it engages in hydrogen bonding with water (There is no intermolecular hydrogen bonding with CH3CH2CH2CH3.). (If it were hydrogen atom, the compound would be a carboxylic acid.) Soluble carboxylic acids are weak acids in aqueous solutions. Some esters can be prepared by esterification, a reaction in which a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, heated in the presence of a mineral acid catalyst, form an ester and water: The reaction is reversible. Calcium carbonate, an important mineral, plays a vital role in the neutralization of acidic gases in atmospheric aerosols [1]. Neutralize any strong acids or bases (if there are other bases/acids in solution). I am having a bit of difficulty getting the net equation and the net ionic equation and the net ionic equation. The ester is therefore isopropyl benzoate (both the common name and the IUPAC name). Which side does this equilibrium favor? The hydrogen ion from the acid combines with the hydroxide ion to form water, leaving the nitrite ion as the other product. 7.21. When 30.0 mL of KOH is added, the base begins to react with the acid. Similarly strong bases will always react ion the presence of any acid. In the process, a lot of wastewater with an alkaline pH is generated. (For more information about soaps, see Chapter 7 "Lipids", Section 7.2 "Fats and Oils".). Esters of these acids are present in every plant and animal cell. Like NH3, amines are weak bases. When a base (such as sodium hydroxide [NaOH] or potassium hydroxide [KOH]) is used to hydrolyze an ester, the products are a carboxylate salt and an alcohol. Identify the products of a basic hydrolysis of an ester. CH3NH3Cl, methylammonium chloride. Greek letters are used with common names; numbers are used with IUPAC names. After introducing the main motivation for the development of such processes, we first summarize the most important aspects of . e.g. What are some examples of basic salts? Unless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. There are two types of acids: mineral (inorganic) acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric or nitric and carboxylic (organic) acids such as formic or acetic. Legal. This is a buffer solution. Acetic acid can be further oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Hydrobromic acid HBr with potassium hydroxide KOH. Test Yourself Write the neutralization reaction between H 2 SO 4 (aq) and Sr (OH) 2 (aq). Medieval scholars in Europe were aware that the crisp, tart flavor of citrus fruits is caused by citric acid. 3.38 4.00 4.11 0 3.74 Which equation is the correct . The equation for any strong acid being neutralized by a strong alkali is essentially just a reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to make water. There are several possibilities. This process also occurs in the liver, where enzymes catalyze the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. Notice that enthalpy change of neutralization is always measured per mole of water formed. Write the equation for the ionization of CH3CH2CH2COOH in water. After figuring out what is left in the solution, solve the equilibrium. Which compound has the higher boiling pointbutanoic acid (molar mass 88) or 2-pentanone (molar mass 86)? Carboxylic acids having one to four carbon atoms are completely miscible with water. 1. 5. Q: Is adding hydrochloric acid (HCI) to potassium chromate (2K2CrO4) an edothermic or exothermic. Therefore when an acid or a base is "neutralized" a salt is formed. We cannot have high concentrations of both H3O+ and any base. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as a model compound. Write an equation for the reaction of butyric acid with each compound. Give the structures of the aldehyde and the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of isobutyl alcohol [(CH3)2CHCH2OH]. The common names of carboxylic acids use Greek letters (, , , , and so forth), not numbers, to designate the position of substituent groups in acids. Unlike carboxylic acids, esters generally have pleasant odors and are often responsible for the characteristic fragrances of fruits and flowers. This is all just a different language for what you have already learned. One practical way to neutralize the basic pH is to bubble \(\ce{CO_2}\) into the water. Both form a salt and water. The compound is -chlorobutyric acid or 2-bromobutanoic acid. We introduced the carbonyl group (C=O)the functional group of aldehydes and ketonesin Chapter 3 "Aldehydes, Ketones". You are given a solution of HCOOH (formic acid) with an approximate concentration of 0.20 M and you will titrate this with a 0.1105 M NaOH. They are therefore incapable of engaging in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with one another and thus have considerably lower boiling points than their isomeric carboxylic acids counterparts. Formic acid, HCO_2H, is a weak acid. 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3(aq) 2CH3COONa+(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g), 5. It is found in rancid butter and is one of the ingredients of body odor. They are biochemical intermediates in the transformation of food into usable energy. Table 4.1 Organic Acids, Bases, and Acid Derivatives. HBr + KOH -> KBr + H 2 O 5.- Formic acid [] HCOOH, M r 46.03, is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, which is completely miscible with water and many polar solvents but only partially miscible with hydrocarbons.Formic acid derived its name from the red ant, Formica rufa, in which it was discovered around 1670.Formic acid has been detected in the poison or defense systems of ants, bees, and other insects and also of . Formic acid is also prepared in the . These letters refer to the position of the carbon atom in relation to the carboxyl carbon atom. Books. An amide is derived from a carboxylic acid and either ammonia or an amine. Then you can work the equilibrium problem. Even so, compounds in this group react neither like carboxylic acids nor like ethers; they make up a distinctive family. Synthetic arteries can be made from PET, polytetrafluoroethylene, and other polymers. Unlike carboxylic acids, esters have no acidic hydrogen atom; they have a hydrocarbon group in its place. Acidic hydrolysis is simply the reverse of esterification. A neutralization reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which an acid and base quantitatively react together to form a salt and water as products. Prehistoric people also knew about organic basesby smell if not by name; amines are the organic bases produced when animal tissue decays. Library Info and Research Help | [email protected] (718) 518-4215 Carboxylic acids neutralize bases to form salts. (For more information about proteins, see Chapter 9 "Proteins, and Enzymes", Section 9.1 "Proteins".). a carboxylate salt and water; carbon dioxide. A small fraction of the HS - ions formed in this reaction then go on to lose another H + ion in a second step. The strong hydroxide ion essentially "forces" the weak nitrous acid to become ionized. The carboxylic acids generally are soluble in such organic solvents as ethanol, toluene, and diethyl ether. The balanced equation for the dissociation of formic acid is: HCOOHH +HCOO As the formic acid has undergone 50% neutralization, therefore, the concentration of formic acid, hydrogen ions and formate ion would be equal. The neutralization of formic acid (methanoic acid) by NaOH produces _____. Caprylic acid (octanoic acid) can be prepared in an oxidation reaction from. The acetic acid of vinegar, the formic acid of red ants, and the citric acid of fruits all belong to the same family of compoundscarboxylic acids. Esters have polar bonds but do not engage in hydrogen bonding and are therefore intermediate in boiling points between the nonpolar alkanes and the alcohols, which engage in hydrogen bonding. During neutralisation reaction, hydrogen ions from acid react with hydroxide ions from alkali to form water. In general, carboxylic acids are represented by the formula RCOOH, where R is a hydrocarbon group. \[\begin{align*} &\ce{HCl} \left( aq \right) + \ce{NH_3} \left( aq \right) \rightarrow \ce{NH_4Cl} \left( aq \right) \\ &\ce{H^+} \left( aq \right) + \ce{NH_3} \left( aq \right) \rightarrow \ce{NH_4^+} \left( aq \right) \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \left( \ce{Cl^-} \: \text{is a spectator ion} \right) \end{align*}\nonumber \]. In basic hydrolysis, the molecule of the base splits the ester linkage. The most important polyester, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is made from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol monomers: Polyester molecules make excellent fibers and are used in many fabrics. How are they similar?
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