the following describe internal states of symptoms except

(credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. It is typically consumed in pill form. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. Feeling tired. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. C) the severity and duration of the problem. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. 22. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. How does hypnosis work? 0. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. Delusions. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. d. both b and c. 2. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. . For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Think meditation might help? Loss of appetite. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). Abnormal Motor Behavior. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. Thirst. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? People sleep better in cooler temperatures. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. Has something like this ever happened to you? Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Complications. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? (credit: Laurie Avocado). Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. A) managed care Loss of appetite. 1. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Not able to pass stool or gas. They were ALL my fault. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). a - a mole that looks cancerous. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment.

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