naive scientist vs cognitive miser

11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R /Group << << 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R >> 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] /StructParents 0 -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) Heuristics are one way that we save resources. adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? /Contents 40 0 R [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /Resources << Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. /F6 26 0 R They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." Which is viewed as more homogeneous? << 16 0 obj Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts . 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. The cognitive miser theory is an . >> /Parent 2 0 R 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. /FontDescriptor 364 0 R -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. Before this, human thinking was. schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? What is the difference between them? List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. << /F1 21 0 R /Type /Group -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. >> 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 500 0 0 389 278] -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group /StructParents 1 >> Cookie policy. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. /CS /DeviceRGB ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. endobj -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making. Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. What are its real world consequences? /F1 21 0 R 1,000 & 12,000 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. traits associated with the stereotype. /F1 21 0 R endobj /Font << >> 1) time - short of time = use cog. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman 12 0 obj 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] /Parent 2 0 R 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /Resources << /Encoding /Identity-H [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. /Tabs /S Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. /GS7 27 0 R >> You have created 2 folders. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /CS /DeviceRGB /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. /CS /DeviceRGB 26 0 obj endobj Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /ExtGState << What is in-group bias? /Contents 44 0 R /ParentTree 19 0 R 28 0 obj In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. Nathaniel . /Font << 15 0 obj In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Type /Group System 2 may also have no clue to the error. What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. others. She chooses to stop deliberation and act Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /GS8 28 0 R basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. /RoleMap 18 0 R [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. What is what? Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. >> >> endobj Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /ExtGState [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /Font << What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? -Summer camp for boys with two groups, they had flags and motto's etc /Resources << >> >> /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R /Author (Fiske) The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman /Tabs /S we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. /Type /Group 238 0 R 239 0 R] [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. Jonathan A. . What is social comparison theory? [39][originalresearch? It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. /Subtype /Type1 Contents. /Resources << /Footer /Sect Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . >> 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] . Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. -In group: (us) /Type /Group 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) What is culture? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -Examples: sports events. /Resources << -Out group: (them) 20 . /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. /CS /DeviceRGB 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R /F2 22 0 R /ExtGState << /CS /DeviceRGB /Parent 2 0 R 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R << ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). /F3 23 0 R The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 >> -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". endobj Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? /ca 1 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /Slide /Part << The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". >> Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] >> An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. q*15Q[7t. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /F1 21 0 R /Annotation /Sect /Group << They argue that people start the process of impression formation by /Type /Group -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). 72 0 R] -Differs: Olivier . The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. ]"&4v Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R << System 2 may also have no clue to the error. It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. July 2015 . ->paying an increase of the original price for extras [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. /FirstChar 32 Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. (1950s) a. 10 0 obj >> >> How does a "flawed scientist" reason? >> /StructParents 6 It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". >> 7 0 obj Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /Chart /Sect /StructParents 11 /F4 24 0 R -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. /Filter /FlateDecode /S /Transparency 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R 4 0 obj Fugelsang . What is social facilitation? /Parent 2 0 R /Group << What percentage showed complete compliance? /F3 23 0 R >> /Type /Group What does WEIRD refer to? /F1 21 0 R Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /Tabs /S /F1 21 0 R /Type /Font What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? /LastChar 116 endobj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. -Obedience: submission to authority Stolz . they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we >> 5,000 & 8,000 \\ What is conformity? [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. . ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? /F3 23 0 R What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? /S /Transparency Wim . 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R -2008 first black president Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. /F3 23 0 R -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. << The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity What is diffusion of responsibility? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Page /GS8 28 0 R % >> /Textbox /Sect Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? endobj How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? What is the best treatment for groupthink? 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 /Font << How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? New York . System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /ParentTreeNextKey 13 2 0 obj<>stream This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /Group << 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /Parent 2 0 R How did Asch study conformity? << >> 2 0 obj /GS8 28 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /Resources << What is the actor-observer bias? xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? endobj %PDF-1.4 /ExtGState << -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous the degree to which something is extreme) is /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. >> Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". based on similarity. 9 0 obj 23 0 obj /Lang (en-US) -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. /Subtype /TrueType Barr . -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" /Type /Page What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B How pervasive is prejudice today? To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /Subtype /Type0 heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. /S /Transparency In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. as. >> Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. /StructParents 8 How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. What causes deindividuation? >> /Tabs /S What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? /F4 24 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Group [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 >> Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. endobj [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /F3 23 0 R -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. endobj What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding What is the power of single vivid instances? endobj 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 >> /Chartsheet /Part Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. endobj That's it. Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground endobj /S /Transparency naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser

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