descriptive representation pros and cons

All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Citing Literature. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Signs, 19(3), 630657. (Eds.). Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. Wngnerud, L. (2009). https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. (1982). Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. $\endgroup . 1. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. Minow, M. (1991). Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. 1. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. Enter your library card number to sign in. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. Mansbridge, J. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Should Congress Look Like America? Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. You might also like. Democratic legitimacy. Towards a European union gender equality index. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. Between facts and norms. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. 7. Evidence from Romania. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. What is a Descriptive Representative? Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. Disadvantages of proportional representation. In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. Quantitative Methodology. Berkeley: University of California Press. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Weldon, L. S. (2002). This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. Kymlicka, W. (1993). Estlund, D. (2008). Conclusion. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. A table lists data in columns. New York: Routledge. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. Various reasons clarify why this is. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The politics of presence. 1. Hernes, H. (1987). The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Lovenduski, J. The affirmative action controversy. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Learn how your comment data is processed. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. ), Redistribution or recognition? The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. Register or login to make commenting easier. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. Ethics, 91, 431450. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. Crenshaw, K. (1991). This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. Feminism, epistemology and morality. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. This photo shows the founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus, which at the time of its founding in 1971 had only thirteen members. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Founding members of the CBC include John Conyers (D-MI), currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives, Charles Rangel (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm, a founder of the NWPC and the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. Swain, C. M. (1993). This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? therefore, it is used by various industries Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. There are many different types of data presentation. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. Grofman, B. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. As countries become more and more divers, they are looking for better understanding on descriptive representation and the driving force in regards to the minorities within their nation state. Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London, eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0). In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. This form of representation is called descriptive representation. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Part of Springer Nature. Martin, J. R. (1994). The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. . If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. 3. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? Toggle navigation. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 11531174. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Government American Congress Congressional Representation. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. Teigen, M. (2000). Related; Information; Close Figure Viewer. 9. For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. Representatives. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? Princeton: Princeton University Press. The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. This helps to avoid wastage of time. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. London: Routledge. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. 2. A main aspect of marginalization. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. Lexington: D. C. Heath. 3. Towards a European union gender equality index. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. Google Scholar. The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? (1993). My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. Multicultural citizenship. The NWPC was formed by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists to encourage womens participation in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns. A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. blurted this. Sex and social justice. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . 1. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). Young, I. M. (1994). Lafont, C. (2006). Youve probably heard readers make that comment. (1996). Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. New York: Palgrave. . Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. View all access and purchase options for this article. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup.

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