white lotus rebellion

It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The rebels are all our own subjects. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum The White Lotus Rebellion - Home The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. What was the White Lotus rebellion and what did it do to the dynasty Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. 12 talking about this. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. . During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Kublai Khan Szczepanski, Kallie. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. Nothing is known of his end. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Szczepanski, Kallie. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. . France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. [6] [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. //dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Corrections? "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. (2020, August 27). The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Updates? White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. . The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China.

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